Design and Construction of a GSM Based Energy Meter Reader and Load Control System

Abstract

Electricity provides a very convenient form of energy for lighting, heating, cooling, motive power for driving various types of loads and power for a number of utilization applications. Its advantages in modern world are ease of control and cleanliness. This project report is focused on the design and construction of a GSM Based Energy meter reader and load control system. This smart meter has been proposed as an innovation solution aimed at facilitating afford ability and reducing the cost of utilities. This project sought to replace the existing manual reading of electricity meters installed throughout the country (home, agricultural and industrial). The designed GSM Based Energy meter reader and load control system circuit were designed using computer languages of HTML, CSS and Javascript and simple circuitry materials. The GSM based meter was then subjected to Proteus version 8 software for accuracy. Results obtained showed that the resultant design was a sustainable and suitable upgrade from our conventional energy systems. The system will cut costs and improve transparency to a very large extent. Any failure or inconveniences on the customer side can be easily detected and rectified. The electricity board can monitor each individual meter in the network. The server would provide a complete solution for the same, so there would be constant monitoring of the meter reading regularly without the person visiting each house.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Electricity provides a very convenient form of energy for lighting, heating, cooling, motive power for driving various types of loads and power for a number of utilization applications. Its advantages in modern world are ease of control and cleanliness. Electricity has become one of the basic requirements of human civilization, being widely deployed for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes [1]. The annual consumption of electrical energy has been increasing rapidly throughout the world. The conversion of sources of energy into electricity for utilization is one way to measure the progress and development of a country in the modern world. An electrical power system is one of the tools of the present age for converting and transporting energy. An Electrical power system consists of three components:

1. Generating stations
2. Transmission systems
3. Distribution systems

These three components of power are integrated together to supply electricity to the consumers [2].

In spite of the very well developed sources of electricity, there are a number of problems with distribution, metering, billing and control of consumption. Electricity is one of the vital requirements for sustainment of comforts of life and so it should be used very judiciously for its proper utilization [1]. But in our country we have lot of localities where we have surplus supply for the electricity while many areas do not even have access to it. Our policies of its distribution are also partially responsible for this because we are still not able to correctly estimate our exact requirements and still power theft is prevailing [1]

Today’s conventional meters use kilowatt-hour as the standard unit of measurement. The billing requires readings to be read once during the period. This creates room for errors as it involves human intervention [3].

 A. Statement Of Research Problem

Nowadays, the number of electricity consumers are increasing. It has become a hard task to handle and maintain power especially meter reading. If the consumer is not available at home during meter reading, the billing process will be hindered and human operator again needs to revisit. Going to each and every consumer’s house and generating the bill is a laborious task and requires lots of time. It becomes very difficult especially in rainy seasons. If any consumer did not pay the bill, the operator needs to go to their houses to disconnect the power supply.

In the process, some consumers beat up the utility staff who come to read or disconnect them when they are out of bills and it has led to some staff losing their lives. These process are time consuming and difficult to handle.

Morever, the manual operator cannot find the unauthorized connections or malpractices carried out by the consumer to reduce or stop the meter reading/ power supply. With the aid of this project, a definite solution is preferred which allows power companies to have total control over energy meters and have real time information of same from a remote location.

B. Objectives Of Research

The main objective of the project is to develop a GSM-Based Energy meter reader system and load control. The specific objectives to achieve our main objective are as follows:

1. To design and model the GSM based energy meter reader and load control system circuit.
2. To simulate the circuit using the proteus software.
3. Building of the web page portal for load monitoring and control.
4. Construction and fabrication of the GSM-Based energy meter reader and load control system circuit.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed by a residence, business or an electrically powered device. Electric meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt-hour. The main operation of a conventional energy meter is to measure the voltage in volts and currents in ampere which is used to represent energy consumed in joules or in kilowatt-hour [4]. Researchers have proposed different implementation techniques for automatic meter reading(AMR) one as discussed in this report is the GSM Based Automatic Meter reading system which uses the GSM network for communicating with the meter.

A.Traditional Electricity Meters and Its Types

The electrical devices that can detect and display energy in the form of readings are termed as electricity meter. Traditional meters are used since the late 19th century [5]. They exchange data between electronic devices in a computerized environment for both electricity production and distribution. In most of the traditional electricity meter aluminum discs are used to find the usage of power [5]. Today’s electricity meter is digitally operated but still has some limitations.

Some of the limitations faced by the traditional electricity meter [7] are as follows:

1. Meters are unreliable in nature as consumer has to anticipate for the monthly electricity bill.
2. The process of measurement is supported by a specific mechanical structure and hence they are called as electromechanical meters.
3. In order to perform meter readings, a great number of inspectors have to be employed.
4. Payment processing is expensive and time consuming.
5. New type of tariffs on hourly basis cannot be introduced with the corresponding meters for encouraging the consumer
6. Development of meter software applications and supportive network infrastructure is complicated.

Besides the above mentioned limitations, there are also several other elements creating a huge gap between the consumer and distributor because of installation of traditional meters. Meters are of distinct types. Even though timely development of electricity meters helps the consumer to gain knowledge with respect to electricity consumption, statistics of the consumption could not be changed. Some of the basic types of electricity meters are explained as follows:

Table 2.1 Various electricity meters

Source [8]

???????B. History Of Electric Energy Meter

1. Direct Current (DC)

As commercial use of electric energy spread in the 1880s, it became increasingly important that an electric energy meter was required to properly bill customers for the cost of energy. Edison at first worked on a DC electromechanical meter with a direct reading register, but instead developed an electrochemical metering system, which used an electrolytic cell to totalize current consumption. At periodic intervals the plates were removed, weighed, and the customer billed. [4]

An early type of electrochemical meter used in the United Kingdom was the 'Reason' meter. This consisted of a vertically mounted glass structure with a mercury reservoir at the top of the meter. As current was drawn from the supply, electrochemical action transferred the mercury to the bottom of the column. Like all other DC meters, it recorded ampere-hours. Once the mercury pool was exhausted, the meter became an open circuit. It was therefore necessary for the consumer to pay for a further supply of electricity. The first accurate, recording electricity consumption meter was a DC meter by Dr Hermann Aron, who patented it in 1883. [4]

???????2. Alternating Current (AC)

The first specimen of the AC kilowatt-hour meter produced on the basis of Hungarian OttóBláthy's patent and named after him. These were the first alternating-current watt-hourmeters, known by the name of Bláthy-meters. Also around 1889, Elihu Thomson of theAmerican General Electric company developed a recording watt meter (watt-hour meter) basedon an ironless commutator motor. This meter overcame the disadvantages of the electrochemical type and could operate on either alternating or direct current. [4] In 1894 Oliver Shallenberger of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation applied the induction principle previously used only in AC ampere-hour meters to produce a watt-hourmeter of the modern electromechanical form, using an induction disk whose rotational speedwas made proportional to the power in the circuit. Although the induction meter would onlywork on alternating current, it eliminated the delicate and troublesome commutator of the Thomson design. [4]

C. Types Of Meters

The main operation of a conventional energy meter is measuring the voltage in volts and current in amperes to give the energy used in joules or kilowatt-hour. The Electromechanical energy meter and electronic energy meter are the two categories of a basic energy meter. The most commonly used energy meter is the electromechanical induction watt-hour meter.

1. Electromechanical Meters

The Electromechanical induction meter operates by measuring the revolution of the electrically conducive and a non-magnetic metal which is rotating at the speed which is proportional to the power that is passing through the meter. The number of rotation or number of revolution is proportional to the power utilization [4].

The Voltage coil consumes a small and relatively constant amount of power, typically around 2 watts which is not registered on the meter. The current coil similarly consumes a small amount of power in proportion to the square of the current flowing through it, typically upto a couple of watts at full load, which is registered on the meter.

The disc is acted upon by two coils. One coil is connected in such a way that it produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the voltage and the other produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the current. The field of the voltage coil is delayed by 90 degrees, due to the coil’s inductive nature and calibrated using a lag coil. A permanent magnet exerts an opposing force proportional to the speed of rotation of the disc. The equilibrium between these two opposing forces results in the disc rotating at a speed proportional to the power or rate of the energy usage. The disc drives a register mechanism which counts revolution. The type of meter described above is used on a single-phase AC supply. [4]

The amount of energy represented by one revolution of the disc is denoted by the symbol “Kh” which is given in units of watt-hours per revolution. The value 7.2 is commonly seen. Using the value of Kh, one can determine their power consumption at any given time by timing the disc with a stop watch

P=3600.KhT                                                                                                                                                                 (2.1)

Where

T = time in seconds taken by the disc to complete one revolution

P = power in watts.

For example, if Kh = 7.2 as above and one revolution took place in 14.4 seconds, the power is 1800 watts. This method can be used to determine the power consumption of household devices by switching them ON one by one [4]

???????2. Electronic Meters

Electronic meters display the energy used on an LCD or LED display, and some can also transmit readings to remote places. In addition to measuring energy used, electronic meters can also record other parameters of the load and supply such as instantaneous and maximum rate of usage demands, voltages, power factor and reactive power used etc. They can also support time-of –day billing. For example, recording the amount of energy used during on-peak and off-peak hours. Image of electromechanical meter and electronic meter are shown below.

3. Smart Meter

Smart Meter is an environmentally friendly energy meter that is used for measuring the electrical energy in terms of KWh (Kilowatt - hours). It is simply a device that affords a direct benefit to the consumers who want to save money on their electricity bill. They belong to a division of Advanced Meter Infrastructure and are responsible for sending meter readings automatically to the energy supplier. Accurate meter reading will be provided with the inclusion of firm benefits from the Smart Meter. They record the consumption on the basis of hourly or less than hourly intervals. A Smart Meter has non-volatile data storage, remote connect or disconnect capability, tamper detection and two-way communication facilities. They perform remote reporting of the collected data to the central meter. This central meter monitors the functionality of the Smart Meter. From an operational perspective, use of Smart Metering allows an improved management and control over the electricity grid [10]. Some of the benefits of Smart Meters are as follows:

a. Low operational cost.

b. Time saving to the consumers and utility companies for reporting the meter reading back to the energy providers.

c. Online electricity bill payment is allowed.

d. Power consumption can be greatly reduced during the high peaks with an intimation policy.

e. Has a feature of automatically terminating the appliances off when they are not in use [11].

Smart Meter senses all the consumption generated inside the residents. Meter readings give a broader understanding to the energy utilities so that overall energy usage customs of the habitants can be altered. Finally, all the information that is generated by Smart Meter will increase help in noble generation. A simple picture of a Smart Meter is shown below.

???????D. Metering As A System

The meter is key tool in any utility requiring efficient operation and maintenance as it links the utility with customers. A prepayment Metering System has been viewed as a system with many interrelated sub-systems. The General System Theory is one major theory at the root modern scientific approach to management Chadwick [13] defines a system as “a set of objects together with relationships between the objects and between their attributes,” while Cole [14] looks at it as an interrelated set of activities which enables inputs to be converted into outputs. Systems may be closed or open. Closed systems are those which for practical purpose, are completely self-regulating and thus not interact with their environment. Therefore, in the context of this study, a prepayment metering system cannot be closed as it relies on inputs from the community where it is stimulated for its survival. In this regard, Cole [14] defines an open system as that which interacts with its community, on which it relies for obtaining essential inputs and for the discharge of system output. The inputs include people, materials, information, and finance, which are organized and activated so as to convert human skills and materials into products, services and other outputs that are discharge into the environment. The most important element of an open system is therefore, their inter-dependence on the community, which many are relatively stable or relatively uncertain at a particular point, [14].

According to Clelland [14], the management task of integrating various elements in the system is of paramount importance and this can only be effectively accomplished if the manager adopts the General Systems approach to the system he is managing. The system concept to prepayment metering in utilities is, therefore, a simple recognition that a prepayment metering is a system made up of sub- systems or the Master station, meter and the vending machine, each of which has its goals to achieve. In other words the meter record how much electricity has been consumed by the customer from the total produced by the utility while the master station ensures the customer has the correct amount of electricity sold to him through the vending machine and administers the whole system. "The boundaries between these subsystems called interfaces may be external or internal."[14] Consequently, in a system, some sub-systems have to deal with the inputs and the output for the system to work consistently at the external boundary e.g. meter reading, billing customers and distribution of bills and so forth. On the other hand, other sub-systems deal with consistent provision of services to others in the system at the internal boundaries e.g. human resources, management and accounts.

???????E. Prepared Metering

Prepayment Metering is a well-established technology being introduced by more and more utility companies. According to Keltless [15], "a Prepayment Metering System is a system where a customer pays for energy before using it." A Prepayment Metering System according to Kettless [15] basically comprises a system master station (which is a computer that operates and administers the whole system), a vending machine (where customers buy their electricity) and prepayment energy meters (or dispensers, which dispenses the electricity to the customer).

This meter has an interface to the customer for managing the transfer of credit and to display the meter and credit status. In this study, the benefits and problems of the Prepayment Metering System can only be assessed by looking at various subsystems as a whole and seeking to understand and measure the effectiveness of the system. Prepayment metering systems are basically categorized as either one way or two-way, referring to the flow of information between the vending machine and the meter. In the one-way system the information flows only in one direction, from the vending machine to the meter. This system can either be addressable or non-addressable. The addressable system uses tokens that are personalized to one meter and therefore cannot be used to credit any other meter. In the two-way system, information flows in both directions. In this system the meter also returns to the vending machine, information such as peak demand, average daily consumption etc. The system inherently requires expensive microprocessor smart cards, a sophisticated system of networked computers and vending stations.

???????F. Theoretical Framework

In [28], it was mentioned that the electromechanical enrollment meter works by checking the unrests of a non-drawing in metal plate which turns at a speed concerning the power experiencing the meter.

It was mentioned in [29] that the AMR framework is an effect for remote checking and controls private significance meter. AMR framework gives the data of meter dismembering control cut, mean stack utilized, control free and cementing on intrigue, or in many cases especially between times through SMS. The designing of web organizations based customized meter scrutinizing system has delineated.

It was mentioned in [30] that data sent and gotten by concerned energy Provider Company with the assistance of Global structure for flexible correspondence facilitates energy supplier getting the meter survey inside a second without visiting a man

It was mentioned in [31] that a novel Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) structure was proposed using the IEEE 802.15.4 obvious remote frameworks to visit with energy meter. The work deal with based Automatic Utility Data Collection System (AUDCS) gives a cost-capable design by inquisitive about the self affiliation, self-settling limits of the work organization, and using semiconductor chips and the radio handsets superb with IEEE 802.15.4 standard.

In [32] it was mentioned that Analog signals are been seen from the two information channels, which will be changed over into Digital signals by ADC uninhibitedly. With the two affected information signals transmitted to the microcontroller by techniques for SPI custom, dsPIC33F figures the power accordingly, imperativeness ate up will be gathered after a foreordained period.

In [33] it was mentioned that AMR is a framework whereby the Energy Meter sends the recorded power usage of a nuclear family in the particular between the time period to a "remotely" related, which could be a (PC) or central server of intensity dispersing affiliations

In [34] it was mentioned that GSM is an approach to remotely screen and control centrality meter readings. Its tendencies to take agander at imperativeness meters without visiting each house/affiliation. This structure contains a microcontroller, which takes the readings at general breaks and records it in its memory.

In [35] it was proposed two algorithms, namely clustered simple polling and neighbor relay polling, for solving the typical “silent node” problem in automatic meter reading (AMR) systems using power line communications (PLC)-access networks. A “silent node” is a meter unit that cannot receive signals directly from the Base Station or that cannot send its metering data back directly to the Base station. Here the factors responsible for an unreliable rate of data collection and significant time delay are the significant level of signal attenuation along cables, the noisy power-line environment, and the changing in home impedance. These schemes are tested through computer simulations to be both effective and efficient in overcoming the “silent node” problem in AMR systems. Also, a two-state transition Markov model is used to simulate a meter unit with such a “silent node” problem in a PLC network. The processing time model is established on a meter topology of three-level clustering. By using these models for our computer simulations, the performance of our proposed schemes can be evaluated in terms of reliability and efficiency. Polling is normally implemented in a system with a central controller that is called a Base station (BS).

The BS sends a “polling message” to each network station, in accordance with a round-robin procedure or any other cyclic order. When a network station receives a polling message from the BS and it has data to send back to the BS, it can transmit its data for a predefined time period. Then, the network station also transmits an acknowledgement (ACK) at the end of a packet transmission to inform the BS that its data transmission is completed before the stipulated time limit. If the network station has no data to send, it just sends an ACK to the BS to inform that it has no data to send. Afterwards, the BS polls the next network station in the same cycle immediately. If the BS cannot hear anything from the polled station after a stipulated time period, it will poll the next station anyway. Hence, the next network station in the same cycle can be polled. The NRP is a more effective mechanism because it can reach a nearly 100% data-collection success rate undernormal network conditions.

In some cases, the NRP cannot guarantee the data-collection time well below 30min due to additional time for the red polls. Under some extremely adverse network conditions, the meter units belonging to the same building and the same phase of the same transformer cannot be guaranteed as neighbors because they may not be able to communicate directly with each other. Hence, the polling message and metering data may need to go through more than one relaying meter.

G. Features And Challenges/ Issues Of Prepaid Smart Metering System

Tables 2.2-2.3 review a brief summary of features and challenges/issues of prepaid smart metering system, which were proposed by various researchers worldwide. Most of the research work, on electricity prepaid smart metering system in literature, has been focused on advantages of prepaid smart meters. However, these prepaid smart meters have many technological and communication limitations which are highlighted in Table 2.2. Table 2.3 also summarizes some existing prepaid smart meters challenges/issues proposed in the literature by various researchers and these prepaid smart meters are not appreciated due to advance payments. In addition, prepaid smart meters do not have an electricity anti-theft solution in case of any illegal activity occurrence.

Table 2.1: Features and challenges/issues in prepaid smart metering system.

Table 2.2: Features and challenges/issues in prepaid smart metering system.

H. Research Gaps In Reviewed Literatures

The work above talked about power line communication which is an old fashioned method of communication. GSM based communication in this work was proposed for faster operation and higher efficiency.

It was proposed in [36] that power-line communication offers a networking communication over existing power lines and finds important applications in smart grid, home & business automation and automatic meter reading. However, the power-line channel is one of the harshest known communication channels currently in use and it requires robust forward error correction techniques. Powerful decoding algorithms tend to be complex and increase latency while robust modulation schemes offer lower data rates. The presented work extends the existing narrow-band power-line communication forward error correction scheme of concatenated Reed-Solomon Convolution codes in OFDM framework by introducing permutation codes as an inter-subcarrier encoding scheme in OFDM to combat narrowband interference and carrier frequency offsets. Permutation encoded OFDM has been presented as an alternative modulation scheme for narrow-band power-line communication. While it uses more bandwidth than OFDM, it performs much better in the presence of carrier frequency offsets. OFDM-MFSK is a similar scheme that was proposed by other researchers as another alternative. Although this scheme’s performance is similar to that of the presented scheme, it is less efficient in terms of bandwidth utilization. Permutation encoded OFDM uses up to 103 subcarriers in a 256 length IFFT window, giving 40% bandwidth efficiency. On the other hand, OFDM-MFSK uses a maximum of only 64 subcarriers, translating to an efficiency of 25%. Permutation encoded OFDM therefore gives an improvement of 60% in terms of bandwidth efficiency on this scheme. In addition, MFSK-based schemes are limited to sending only log2M bits for every M frequency, while PE OFDM can employ higher order M-PSK schemes in OFDM subcarriers and achieve higher throughputs.

It was proposed in [37] the design of advanced physical layer for narrowband power line communications (NB-PLC) based on coded modulation . The coding modulation scheme is described and decoding process based on soft decoding is proposed. Using this innovative scheme, the decoder performs a gain of 3 dB at symbol error rate (SER) equal to 10-3 over traditional receiver with hard decoding. In the implementation analysis, both the digital signal processor (DSP) resources usage and the maximum data rate are considered. It is concluded that a transmission rate of 2.4kbps is reached for a robust NB-PLC and available resources can be used for full protocol stack implementation. This architecture greatly simplifies both the hardware and software design implementation of overall coding modulation NB-PLC modem.

Table 2.3: A summary of the major drawbacks of the above related works

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

???????A. Materials

Table 3.1: Summary of the Materials used for the project

B. Methods

1) System Description    

The GSM Based Energy Meter Reader and Load Control System is an electronic unit design to take real time energy usage using a current sensing method which is then communicated to a microcontroller, who takes the appropriate calculations and displays on an LCD. A GSM MODEM is incorporated with the unit so as to make remote control of the meter unit by doing either of the following:

a. Connect the unit to the power grid

b. Disconnect the unit from power grid

c. Take meter reading

d. Recharge the meter unit

e. Reset the meter unit

???????2)   System Block Diagram

V. DISCUSSION

The GSM Based energy meter reader and Load control system was generally a successful project as most of the aims and objectives and how they were achieved are outlined below

The objective to design and model a GSM Based Energy meter reader and load control system circuit was achieved as explained in section 3.2  The objective to simulate the circuit using the proteus software was achieved

The objective of building a webpage was achieved by using simple HTML, CSS and Javascript

The objective of constructing and fabricating a GSM Based Energy Meter Reader and Load Control System circuit was achieved as explained in section 3.2

The project is seen to be cost effective as most components are readily available locally. The packaging as seen is a plastic casing. From the cost evaluation table below it can be deduced that the cost of producing a unit is quite expensive due to the procedures and methods of carrying out the project in a local setting. It should therefore be noted that for a mass production on a commercial scale the cost will reduce as much as 50% of the cost of producing a unit as components will be purchased in bulk. The use of an analog meter would not be required as it is used in the model for comparison.

The table below shows the list of all components used and the corresponding unit cost.

Table 5.1 Cost Evaluations

VI. APPENDICES

???????

Conclusion

A. Conclusion Modern civilization would be brought to its knees, if a crisis of electricity scarcity ever looms. The cusp of society would collapse. Therefore, the undeniable need for uninterruptible electricity is the prelude to development of any nation in the world today. From the design of the system and development, it is realized that the implementation of the GSM BASED ENERGY METER READER AND LOAD CONTROL SYSTEM meets the objectives of its design as it was able to fully remote control the activities of the meter unit by doing the following making it beneficial to both utility company and consumer: 1) Connect the unit to Power grid 2) Disconnect the unit from power grid 3) Take meter reading 4) Reset the meter unit Therefore meeting the requirements of providing a solution to power theft, load control, proper documentation of individual consumer energy usage over a period of time. Providing the power utility company to proper plan and design sufficient infrastructure equipment for power transmission. B. Recommendations 1) Further development work can be done in the area of tampering in meters as this seem to be major setback, though as known no system is 100% safe. 2) The use of tamper proof seals and labels, tamper resistant screws and locks and providing non-magnetic enclosure. 3) The use of surveillance camera in the project in order to know if actually the load control is very efficient and operational

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Copyright © 2023 Vincent Chizike Dimkpa, Joshua Chukwuebuka Agba, Victor Uchenna Ogu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.